RESEARCH LEGACY: personal reflections on a career in research

David Orr (Oberlin College) explains how a radical building project to 'design with nature' had profound impacts on education as well as inspiring students, designers and the wider community.  The Adam Joseph Lewis Center is a milestone building. With ingenuity and effort, it provided a positive message that we can design neighborhoods, communities, cities, and nations to enhance the biosphere. It continues to provide many lessons for designers and students.

Context

When I arrived at Oberlin College in August of 1990, the Environmental Studies Program was located in two rooms in the basement of a solid three-story stone hulk, built in 1910. I was the single faculty member in a fledgling program with seven majors in a liberal arts college and conservatory. Environmental Studies was designated a program, not a department, the difference being the breadth of the subject across many disciplines. Most issues within its purview, such as climate change, sprawled across multiple disciplines. Climate change, however, is the sum total of many factors and did not fit easily into a structure organized like a series of pidgeon-holes (or silos) as separate disciplines. This reflects a larger problem in the organization of knowledge in which analysis by the method of reducing things to their component parts ("reductionism"), is regarded as the quintessence of rigor while much less emphasis is placed on synthesis and systems analysis. Big issues often fall through the cracks including the relation between learning and the design of educational facilities.

As interest in environmental studies grew, it became clear that the program needed a larger space for offices and classes. In response, we conducted a yearlong course in 1992-93 with leading architects on the emerging field of ecological design appropriate to re-modelling an existing building or building something new. Throughout the year, students wrote articles on the class for the newspaper helping to build a solid constituency for the project and interest in 'green' architecture. Two years later the College Trustees approved the project but assumed that it would fail for lack of funding. They maintained a prudent distance from the project that allowed us to expand the scope of the project without interference.

Beginning in the summer of 1995, we proceeded along two lines: one to raise the funding, the other entailed organizing thirteen design charrettes open to all students and to the wider community to build a knowledgeable constituency for the project and to calibrate the design to the larger purposes of the Environmental Studies Program. The project evolved into an experiment in applied hope and ecological design that included on-site water purification, solar technology, use of non-toxic materials, gardens, land restoration, and accurate feedback on building performance. By making various aspects of sustainability visible, practical, and affordable, we aimed to confirm Kenneth Boulding's suspicion that 'whatever is, is possible.'

The project, in short, was an early attempt to 'design with nature,' regarding the building and landscape as one system, not a loose federation of isolated components. Further, we aimed "to cause no ugliness human or ecological somewhere else or at some later time." Such aspirations are beyond mortal attainment, but the striving is no less important for being beyond our grasp, if for no other reason than the damage construction does to the Earth from the extraction, processing, transportation, and disposal of materials. That said, we wrestled with the question of how to balance the ledger in the longer term by generating as much energy as possible on site and using the building as a site for redeeming educational and research activities. The building was intended to be not just a place where classes were held, but a place that educated by its design, operation, and evolution. Architecture, in other words, should be thought a kind of crystalized pedagogy that instructs one way or another (Orr,1994). Building and landscape design can reveal the larger ecological context in which it exists, can inspire hope, build practical competence, and help generate momentum toward a better and more coherent world. Or not.

Outcomes

As the first substantially green building on a US college campus and an early example of ecological design, the completed Adam Joseph Lewis Center (AJLC) attracted a great deal of attention. The American Institute of Architects, for example, called it 'the most important green building of the past thirty years.' The project stood out first because it was more than just a building. It made an important statement about the hidden relationship between architecture, landscape design, and learning. The story of every building, legible or not,  is told in its siting, design, materials, energy and water use, and how it fits into the larger surrounding fabric, culture, and ecology. Its history is a record of what happened in it and because of it whether uplifting, purposeful, useful, or otherwise. Ecological design adds the further aspiration that buildings might also instruct us about our place in nature. 

Second, it was an example of integrated design-applied systems thinking-that began in the programing phase and extended through commissioning (Orr, 2006). Third, it was notable as a statement about the value, even the right, of students and community members to participate in the design of the built environment and it offered a practical example of how to solve multiple problems by integrating design. Fourth, it was personal: health was the connecting thread throughout.  Human health and healthy environments stood out as a positive response to the tsunami of bad news about the human prospect. Finally, at a small scale the AJLC pointed to larger possibilities. With ingenuity and effort, it provided a clear message that we can design neighborhoods, communities, cities, and nations to fit a planet with a biosphere.

Some reflections

I worry less about the solvability of environmental problems than I do about the despair that young people often feel given the massive scale of the crisis. Buildings like the Lewis Center counter that despair by reducing problems and solutions to a comprehensible scale and building competence in solving problems. In so doing they make reasons for hope visible, the courage to risk plausible, and inspire careers otherwise unimaginable. 

For colleges and universities, high performance buildings require learning to manage facilities as systems evolving over time. This requires understanding that the real cost of any facility is not simply the initial costs of design and construction, but the costs for energy, water, and upkeep over its lifetime. Further, the net cost of any building should include long-term benefits to reputation, admissions, educational value, and its role as a catalyst for other things. The AJLC, for example, helped to launch the Oberlin Project, a highly successful eight-year effort to take ecological design to scale in the City of Oberlin; establish climate-neutral policy for both the City and College, introduce issues of sustainability into the curriculum of local schools, increase the market for local agriculture, and stimulate downtown economic renewal (Orr, 2015).

The AJLC is now in its third decade. In retrospect, the most important and perhaps the most difficult to measure result of the project was its effect on students, both those who participated in the design phase and the thousands who subsequently took classes in a solar-powered, zero-discharge, non-toxic ambience of innovation, risk-taking, and leadership. Many went on to various careers inspired by the architects, engineers, and designers who made hope for a better world tangible and inspiring. Ecological design became a prominent feature of Oberlin College's Environmental Studies curriculum that, in turn, attracted a large number of students from across the US and other countries.

The ecological design of buildings, landscapes, and entire institutions is a subset of a much larger and necessary conversation about how societies make the human presence durable and decent without combustion. That conversation begins by acknowledging the first rule of design disciplined by place is that you do not ruin other places. In this, architecture is particularly important because the built environment-what we see and experience daily-is a powerful determinant of our behavior and our awareness of possibilities. The caveat is that while better design can improve our prospects, we cannot build our way out of our current predicament. At best, superior design can buy us time to understand our situation more clearly, clarify our goals, and create a more beautiful, compassionate, and coherent world than that in prospect.

The great advantage of seeing problems as design not moral failures is that many become solvable or even avoidable with better design. That possibility should launch a larger conversation to clarify and improve our economy, culture, and governance (Orr, 2018). For example: if the writers of the US Constitution in 1787 had known what is now known about how Earth works as a physical system, how would they have designed a Constitution for a world of leads and lags, stocks and flows, time lapses between cause and effects, and positive and negative feedback loops? In that knowledge, how should we reform our government? laws? economy? cities? military as systems interacting with other systems over time?

Finally, on a personal note, it was a privilege to work with a brilliant and dedicated team of colleagues, architects, and designers to meet and overcome the various challenges of making of the AJLC. The mutual respect, camaraderie and sense of achievement we shared was worth all the risk, hassle, criticism, worry, and late nights in airports far from home. The challenge to step out of the abstract academic world into that of architecture, engineering, landscape design, materials, budgets i.e. tangible realities changed and enriched my perspective in more ways than I can count. It was a gift in every way and I am grateful for it.  

To students, I suggest that you take the path less traveled; aim to be a 'radical professional' the kind of person who takes risks, raises the stakes, connects otherwise disparate things, sees the farther horizon. At whatever scale you choose to work do it as if the future of civilization depends on it because in some measure it does (Schmidt, 2000, 265-280). To educators and designers the most important challenge you face is that of creating "a more consequential, professional discipline" appropriate to the challenges of designing a more just, durable, coherent, and beautiful civilization (Walker, 2014, 39).  

References

Orr, David W. (1994). Architecture as Pedagogy, in Orr, Earth in Mind. (Second edition, 2004) Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Orr, David W. (2006). Design on the Edge: The Making of a High Performance Building. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Orr, David W. (2015). The Oberlin Project. Solutions.

Orr, David W. (2018). The Political Economy of Design in a Hotter Time, in Rachel Beth Egenhoefer (ed), Routledge Handbook of Sustainable Design. London: Routledge.

Schmidt, Jeff (2000). Disciplined Minds. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Walker, Stuart (2014). Designing Sustainability. London: Routledge.